Casadidio & Pensado (2020) indicated that large-scale mining production has allowed exponential growth over the last 70 years, since it has been able to satisfy strong demand at affordable prices.

Since mining is essential to be able to meet the global goals of an increasingly “green” society it is necessary that mining be also as “green” as possible, which is a challenge that passes, among others, to be incorporated into the global trend of the circular economy. Apply the most quantities of 5 Rs and sign up for circular economy processes from their suppliers, their customers, and society.

Construction aggregates mining, since the world population does not stop growing, is also of great need for society; it is evident that more and more quarries will be necessary, and it is necessary to conceive them as expansion centers, perhaps recreation and/or supply of resources for cities to which they will serve, since, as is known for mineral economic theory, construction aggregates quarries must be very close to cities that will constitute their market since, transport substantially affects the viability of these quarries and, as Harrison and Webb (2021) express, due to the current desire of humanity to minimize carbon emissions, which, in this case, It would be generated by longer transport.

Hund and Reed (2019) mention that experts foresee that, between 2019 and 2050, more minerals than have been produced in the last 100 years will be required.

In a reduction scenario of 2 degrees (2DS), the production of graphite, lithium, and cobalt should be increased significantly by more than 450% by 2050, from levels of 2018, to satisfy the demand for energy storage technologies. Although the demand for some basic minerals, such as aluminum and copper, seems to be lower in percentage terms, their absolute production ciphers are significant, 103 million t and 29 million t, respectively, for 2050.

These projections do not include the associated infrastructure necessary to support the deployment of these technologies (for example, transmission lines) or physical parts (such as the chassis of newly built electric vehicles). Due to the material intensity of low-carbon technologies, any possible scarcity in the supply of minerals could affect the speed and scale at which certain technologies can be implemented worldwide. (Hund et al., 2020).

These projections can be conservative and will probably be higher in a scenario of 1.50 °C, which requires that solutions be implemented faster and on a larger scale. (Hund et al., 2020).

Nolan (2021) mentions that, based on the increase in electric vehicles, it will have to be produced, in the next 25 years, the same amount of copper that has been produced in the last 5,000 years, since electric vehicles consume 3 times more copper than combustion.

The Government of Canada has announced a list of 31 critical minerals for the economic success of Canada and its allies to develop clean technologies. (Webb, 2021).

Background

Sacher (2010) criticized the Canadian mining model by alleging that the mining industry has become abusively enriched from laissez faire of the Canadian Governments, leaving as a consequence irreversible socio-environmental liabilities; on the other hand, he exhibited that the model of that country has led to the concentration of mineral wealth in a few hands while environmental costs have been transferred to the population; additionally, he argued that the Canadian government broadcast its internationally model through financial and diplomatic political support to companies; he continued, showing that the Canadian judicial system has also been supporting companies in such a way that he asserts that companies have impunity; it also notes that in 150 years of mining in that country, an irreparable socio-economic footprint has been caused, hoarding of the great spaces of the country and dispossession of indigenous peoples territories (while the Canadian Government continues to demonstrate having little interest in support these peoples); he affirms that companies, in many cases, have declared bankruptcy leaving environmental liabilities to be repaired by the State; he asserts that the State is somehow an accomplice of companies in the destruction of Boreal Forest, since each year the State gives the companies between 50 thousand and 100 thousand km2 of territory; it also alleges that it is false that companies believe socio-economic benefits since they have not been able to create numerous and stable jobs, rather, the created jobs are dangerous and ephemeral and there are few women or indigenous people occupying the jobs. This author did not make any model proposal to contribute to correct everything he exposed.

Svempa & Sola (2010) carried out criticism of mining extractivist model in Argentina doing parallels with Latin America; they raised, among other aspects, that from the two governments of Menen (1989-1999) established the bases of Argentina Mining Model and that the 1994 Constitution laid the foundations for the Federalization of Natural Resources and established the resignation of the State and regions to the exercise of mining activities with which it was given way to privatization, all of which, continued in the governments of the Kirchner, corresponding to Nestor Kirchner the total value added taxt (VAT) exemption and other strategic points for sector development, while President Cristina Fernandez made use of presidential veto in 2008 to the Law on Protection of Glaciers, asserting the authors as in favor of transnational interest, in specific, in favor of Barrick Gold; authors affirm that companies that perform large-scale mining often concentrate a significant number of activities, competing and subordinate the economy of the place to form export enclaves; authors prevent this type of companies to replace the State and belittle and/or violate citizen decisions; they argue that the implementation of the model is accompanied by repressive and authoritarian policies that criminalize poverty and social protest. In contrast to this Mining Model, the Development Model is questioned and the “Eco-Territorial Giro of Fights” is proposed (the convergence between environmental vision and revaluation of the indigenous community matrix using a language that opposes the eco-efficientist discourse and the developer vision), with which a redefinition of game rules are raised, based on the questioning of development model and the accumulation logic, on the other hand, puts the territorial rights at stake, as opposed to companies interests and the political authorities involved, in such a way, that it is not a dispute around natural resources, but a dispute by the construction of a certain type of territoriality.

Carrasco (2011) proposed, for southern Ecuador mining, that a mining model should be designed that would prioritize the type of mining that has been wanted, where and when do it; a model that would design a strategy to declare Ecuador a country free of open-pit mining and that mining could not be carried out in water sources; additionally, it indicated that there should be a proposal to democratize mining process, which should be based on 4 essential axes oriented towards the socialization of employment, allow the active and protagonist social participation of the inhabitants, develop the local capacities of population and, achieve environmental sustainability.

Garay (2014) proposed a comprehensive mining model as a complex system under basic principles and postulates, among which it has: Mining development must contribute to the socio-ecological ordering of territory to ensure the conservation/resilience of ecosystems based on technical analysis on the combined impacts of different activities on soil and subsoil, as well as on the use of territory under the principles of resilience, integrality, and resistance, and of long-term social, environmental and ecological benefit. Another basic premise is regarding the repeal of the principle inherited from the conquerors “first in time, first in law” which must be replaced by “the highest bidder”, which requires the existence of a rigorous national mining cadaster. Another of the basic principles refers to requiring that the cost-benefit analysis of projects must be positive considering the economic, social, environmental, and cultural aspects. Another basic proposition put forward is the establishment of a mining income in favor of the State that compensates for resource depletion without jeopardizing company profitability, for which it was proposed tax and royalty rates be raised. Another basic proposal is sponsoring linkages with different sectors. Pardo et al. (2014) made a similar but more detailed contribution.

Uribe (2017) took as research axis that Salaverna’s historical relationship with mining allowed the extractivist model, in the neoliberal context, to be established in the common sense of population as a development force idea, which is why strong mining roots persisted despite the harmful impacts that open-pit mining could cause in the community; the author highlighted that “a new geopolitical rearrangement has brought about a re-articulation of the extractive model, further separating the link between community-company and outlining a process with greater repercussions in terms of plunder and exclusion”; additionally, he points out that “government logic moves alongside the business. Mineral wealth is promoted for its exploitation in events that gather a significant number of potential investors”; It also states that “the generation of employment and false value chains are put before it to disguise the true objective based on capital accumulation”, and that government investment attraction agencies “maintain a logic of action proposed from the dominant trend, with a market approach and a logic that characterizes capitalism although nationalism stands out in its speeches.

The mere generation of economic dynamism cannot continue to be enough. The already classic “not in my backyard” (NIMBY) that is handled in many nations regarding mining, since there is no real way to eliminate it from our lives because we have no way to replace it, has to result in real benefits for nations that do not materialize the NIMBY and continue to contribute to the production of such important resources.

 It is logical to foresee that due to what is proposed in this model, there would be a reduction in the number of new viable projects which will surely impact the markets: reduction of supply, and price increase, among others, but it is up to planetary society to evaluate, ethically, the need for resources and the benefits that a few people obtain versus damages that most members of humanity would be receiving, it is also necessary to put in the balance the option of society being strongly opposed to the mining industry in their countries.

Few projects are always better than none. It is easier to demonstrate to the population of a country that certain projects can be holistically harmonious than to demonstrate, seriously and reliably, that typical “avalanches” of new projects are going to mean something different to society than what they have always resulted in different nations.

As Joyce and Thomson (2000) put it, both companies and governments need to realize that it is not possible to realize mining projects with the sole approval of the State while communities are against it. But it is necessary to complement the assertion of these authors because it is also not possible to allow communities to be against such projects just because they are against them or because they are an instrument of political interests, extortion or destabilization, of political factions or fanatical and mercenary environmental organizations, whether they are internationally renowned or not.

It must be understood that many of the populations in the world are uninformed and/or ignorant in technical aspects so they are easily manipulated by malicious or fanatical factors.

The social management of mining companies, rather than aiming to allocate a few resources to make donations, take photos, and make a lot of propaganda, should be oriented to contribute to the real and continuous improvement of the quality of life of the population so that this management requires determining how to contribute to the generation of the best and greatest possible positive impact, with the available resources so that the population can be economically active during and after mining activities so that quite possibly the main objective of mining business social management would be aimed at contributing with the training and improvement of skills so that the population can “put their two cents” to the generation of the gross domestic product of their nation.

It should be noted that the social management of the companies that make up the mining industry is not responsible for the achievement of the real and continuous improvement of society, simply they contribute to its achievement; each society is responsible for the achievement of its real and continuous improvement.

The “Social License to Operate” (SLO) was an excellent idea to empower the society that receives the positive and negative impacts of the mining industry, however, adjustments are required that are partly exposed by Casadidio and Pensado (2020).

Since Jim Cooney coined the term “social license to operate” in 1997, as revealed by Thompson and Boutilier (2011), among other authors, the term has been quite analyzed by different essayists, among which we have Joyce and Thomson (2000), Bice (2014), Moffa and Zhang (2014), Owen and Kemp (2013), Pullchz (2018).

According to Boutilier (2014), the contemporary use of the term “social license to operate” contemplates that communities have as much right to grant permits on their resources as governments have, with which Arienza (2021) agrees.

Casadidio and Pensado (2020) have proposed that the SLO should evolve towards the “Social Contract” and propose that such a contract should be the product of dialogue between communities and companies, with the State being a guardian of the process. In addition, they point out that the contract must be based on the principles of equality, non-discrimination, participation, and transparency on the part of both the community and the company. They must negotiate in a win-win style.

On the other hand, they state that the contract must contemplate the option of being renegotiated, by mutual agreement, to adapt it to the realities that arise over time and that are normal in projects as long-term as they usually are, those of the mining industry.

Corporations in the mining industry have been contributing to the social dimension within the framework of corporate social responsibility or in other frameworks specific to each corporation. Among other examples are:

Mining companies in Peru carried out 179 actions within the framework of 4 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of United Nations: Health and Well-being (SDG 3); Quality education (SDG 4); Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure (SDG 9) and Partnerships to achieve the goals (SDG 17); of those 179, 135 actions were aimed at directly attacking the pandemic, while 30 were aimed at economic support for communities and 14 for education, such as distance education. (El Comercio, 2020)

24 mining companies in the gold sector have been making efforts in different countries in favor of the SDGs. (WGC, 2020).

In 2019, the mining-steelmaker group Metinvest continued to work with the development funds of Mariupol, Kryvyi Rih, and Zaporizhia having invested in social partnership projects to improve the quality of life of residents and increase the attractiveness of the cities where its steel plants are located in Ukraine and abroad. Additionally, the group has invested in fighting the COVID-19 pandemic purchasing medication and equipment for Ukrainian medical professionals, installing oxygen stations in hospitals in Mariupol, and financing the delivery of humanitarian aid to Ukraine. (Metinvest, 2020).

Vale mining company has a project called Horizonte that is applied in mining municipalities and is aimed at supporting business models with purpose, with the idea of increasing the capacity of people and organizations to innovate so that they generate positive social and environmental impacts throughout the region in which they are located. (Brazil Mineral, 2021).

Aceros Arequipa was awarded for 3 consecutive years with the distinction of Socially Responsible Company (DESR, Spanish acronym) awarded by “Peru 2021” and the Mexican Center for Philanthropy (CEMEFI, Spanish acronym); they also obtained in 2020, the recognition “Carbon Footprint Peru” Level 1, granted by the Ministry of the Environment of Peru. This company has a program of university scholarships that they have been granting since 2019, the scholarship covers costs of accommodation, transport, and food, for the total duration of the career and is aimed at high-performance students from the area of influence of the company, they have also been making donations to health centers in their area of influence and medical campaigns and donation of medicines in different districts of Peru. (Aceros Arequipa, 2021).

It is proposed as part of the model that both the environmental studies required by current legislation, as well as the mine closure plan, the operations design, and production plans should be part of a Comprehensive Continuous Production Plan (2C2P) for the area in which the mining industry project is intended to be carried out.

This plan will be oriented in everything that will be carried out, from the first day, in favor of the economic activity or activities that will replace the project once completed, or before, if the coexistence of economic activities in the same area is possible. Hence, 2C2P  will be part of the agreements that will be negotiated by communities and risk-takers.

The 2C2P must be framed within the territorial planning in force for the area and must be prepared in agreement with the community or communities located in the territory of the mining industry project if any, otherwise, the 2C2P must be registered in the local, regional or national development plan planned for that sub-basin, if any. It should be noted that Harrison and Webb (2021) also discussed the importance of communities being involved in the planning process of what will be done in the area after the project is completed.

A very important role of governments is to attract investments, but for this, it is not enough to create some agency (or ministry, for those who are more irresponsible with public finances), it is necessary to make significant transformations throughout the state apparatus aimed at legal certainty so that the State has transparent conduct and solidity and stability of its institutions, to reduce the excessive discretion of public officials, to make the procedures for conducting business in the country more efficient and easier, to develop and promote, within the national territory, the maximum possible quality competitive advantages. About these transformations, the following authors have written totally or partially: Te Velde (2001), Guj (2012), Arroyo (2014), Herrera (2017), among others.

To achieve investment in the mining industry, it is necessary to give the lie to the myth that mining is equals money, without more. In reality, the mining industry can be very positive for economies, but it requires a lot of investment, sacrifices, special conditions, and time so that it can be really positive for humanity, meaning, “really positive” the holistically harmonious mining industry and, not the one that abounds today.

To produce or increase investments in the mining industry, it is necessary to: 

• Reduction of production and income tax rates. Taxes should be lower for projects that include the greatest amount of value-added to raw material within the national territory. Of course, the export of raw materials should have the highest tax rates in the country.

• Elimination of import taxes on technologies and inputs that are not produced in the country, or that are more efficient, or which generate fewer impacts on the environment.

• Fiscal stability (national, regional, and local), during project life, based on conditions used to make feasibility calculations. Since it is customary that when there are substantial price increases governments create new taxes to try to obtain more revenue and since there are plenty of examples of exaggerations and bad criteria in the definition of such increases or the creation of new taxes, then a scale of tax variations should be predefined in case of substantial price increases or decreases as a result of the interaction of market variables so that when risk-takers make their financial calculations they can make the necessary simulations that allow them to know the implications of these tax scales to make investment decisions without the high statistical dispersion generated by the discretion of public officials.

• Successful performance to reduce inflation.

• Preferably, to have an economically growing economy.

• Minimization of political and economic risks.

• Legal guarantees for capital repatriation.

• Successful performance in controlling public spending. Having high public spending could indicate that there will be tax increases in the future; a disproportionately rising public debt could indicate the need for tax increases later on.

• Countries in which unjust expropriations, confiscations, or nationalizations have been implemented should establish legal guarantees not to engage in such despotism again on pain of compensating for the consequences.

These aspects coincide totally or partially: Guj (2012), Arroyo (2014), Gil et al. (2013), Herrera (2017).

A State that intends to attract investments towards mining industry should not contemplate in its legislation the free reversal of assets for production in mining industry, on the other hand, the reversal of assets necessary for production could be justified in cases where the holders of mining rights, for whatever reason, have no interest in continuing with production activities, or when they incur expiration causes, and any of these causes occurs at the time that there are proven mineable mineral reserves with profitability, in such a way that, in order to preserve the use of production factors and avoid the decline in economic dynamization that was generated with the activity, the reversal is established, but it should only operate through fair payment of assets that are technically evaluated as suitable for continue with production, the rest of assets should be kept by their owners and extracted from the areas where the mining right has been granted and disposed properly, in such a way that they do not represent environmental liabilities.

Eventually, it may be necessary for the State to temporarily exercise direction of operations while transferring control to a private sector stakeholder through the existing legal channels in the country, but it may also be the case that there is interest on the part of legally qualified entrepreneurs and the operations continue directly from the hand of the private sector, being logical that, in the first case, it is the State who pays for assets values that are reverted and, in the second case, those who assume control by the private sector.

The existence in the laws, of assets free reversion, is generating discomfort in potential investors, some may distance themselves, and others may not make possible decisions of renewal of production assets by others more efficient and less impactful of environment if the decision had to be taken few years before the completion of operations since for reversal effects, they could not recover the investment of such assets and/or not being able to materialize rescue values, among other aspects that can financially affect the business.

On the other hand, the free reversal of all assets, in practice, simply makes the state possessing scrap metal and infrastructure that it cannot maintain and that will probably become garbage at distant sites in which they operated and will impact the environment.

On the reversal of production assets for mining have written, among other authors: Brewer (1990) and Barrera (2017).

It is required that the organism with competence in the mining industry has a unit of attraction and support to investors that is responsible for simplifying and shortening the duration of procedures as well as any procedure with institutions of central, regional, and local governments (single box office), as well as that, can facilitate access and make known to investors about the spectrum of possible suppliers of goods and existing services within the national territory, as well as the various competitive advantages available in the country. The work of such an office should accompany each investor during the duration of their operations in the country.

It does not contribute to attracting investment, apart from showing a country as unserious and even as a “fraudster country” or “investment trap”, the fact that there is no coherence between State institutions; cases where a State agency grants a mining right in an area, and another agency of the same State has subsequently granted or confers another right for another incompatible activity on the same area or part thereof or one of the other governmental institutions prevents or attempts to prevent, based on the law, or not, the exercise of the mining right granted causes economic damage to those who obtained the rights but at the same time damages the image of the country and drives away possible investments.

UNCTAD (2020) argues that, in 2019, 54 economies introduced measures aimed at liberalization, promotion, and facilitation of foreign investment for the mining sector, among others, with developing countries and emerging Asian economies being the most active in these changes. Several countries simplified administrative procedures for investment or expanded incentive schemes.

Agencies that are in charge of government’s mining management should be a professional organism and not of clientelism, oriented to the search for excellence for which it is necessary that, to enter the organism a public competition of opposition must be made and every 4 years from the moment in which the position is occupied, it should be resubmitted to similar competition, to give opportunities for people with better preparation, if it were the case, apply to positions and to drive the institution towards the perennial search for excellence; to qualify for promotions it should also compete.

It is very common in undeveloped countries, which is where more mining is done and for which mining is more important, in economic terms, that formal education, both technical and university, is deficient and with a large gap between what is learned and the requirements of the production and service industries, in such a way that it is required that governments in conjunction with companies in mining industry and international organizations, carry out programs of the type “finishing schools” that allow a reconversion of knowledge and skills in national talents, instead of being replaced by foreigners, but not preventing foreigners work because it is enriching for nation’s labor mass, unwind with foreign workers of proven skills and knowledge.

It is crucial in this model the improvement of human capital and research, development, and innovation, in this coincides Indacochea (2001) and EY (2020) because for the mining industry to be holistically harmonious requires a lot of investment in these aspects so that finishing schools must have a component that allows the training institutions of middle-level technicians, university technicians, and university professionals also adapt to the most modern requirements of today so that they do not continue to produce professionals isolated from real requirements of labor markets.

About this modality of finishing schools have written, among others: Caputo (2012), García & Bafundo (2014), Rozemberg & Gayá (2019).

Impatient governments in need of capital, both for national accounts and for corruption, have been largely to blame for deplorable mining and pseudo-mining exercises, which have been used as the image of an entire sector, in which different actors have spent decades making efforts to do things right. Wanting mining to be a lifeline for a country’s economy places a burden on the sector that it should not have if what it wants is a harmonious performance of the mining industry.

When governments become stubborn in attracting investments in the mining sector, try to have as many investors and projects running and pass into the background, aspects of great relevance such as social and environmental, it must be understood that in the mining sector, given the potential for social and environmental destruction that the industry has, the best thing is to have few projects of real quality than to try to break records of the number of projects, records of investments captured, records of export of minerals in the primary state, records of income to public treasury from the mining industry and more of the same that has always characterized the nations of traditionally weak economies and politicians of great socio-political immaturity.

Of the world’s largest producers of raw materials, the CARBS (Canada, Australia, Russia, Brazil, and South Africa), only the first two have obtained development based on mining, but they are not sustained as developed countries by the mere production of raw materials, but because they are increasing the value added to their raw materials and also the one that comes from other countries, all this within the national territory, while better investing the resources they obtain intending to improve their population’s life quality.

There must be a main interest in contributing to the process of supplying minerals necessary for underpinning the improvement of humanity’s life quality, but it is necessary:

• Raise the income from what is exported,

• Improve the levels of preparation of nationals who are part of themining industry that develops in the territory,

• Raise national R&D&I and promote the production and marketing of products and services derived from R&D&I processes.

Concerning decentralization, in this proposal, the points made by Williams (2010), Arguedas et al. (2011), Venugopal (2014), and Alfirdaus (2019) have been partially considered.

This proposed model provides for the possibility of decentralization unless the country has a small geographical area, but it is not a good thing to proceed with decentralization without preparation, so it is proposed that it should be carried out in stages.

The first stage should correspond to a centralist model exercised by the central government with deconcentration towards regions covering several states or provinces about the mining of metal ore production and concurrently with states or provinces governments concerning non-metallic mining that will not be used to produce metals, it should be noted that mining of precious and semi-precious non-metallic would also be administered concurrently with states or provinces; it should be noted that central government must adapt regions’ deconcentrated offices so that various procedures that are contemplated in the legislation that is in force can be carried out from these offices.

In the second stage, the central government would continue with the same powers as the first stage, but decentralize, at the request of states or provinces, the administration of the powers they concurrently exercised in the field of non-metallic minerals.

In the third stage, the administration of metals mining would be operated, concurrently between the states or provinces together with the central government and both concurrently with mining districts that have been defined by geological exploration during the first and second stages, while the states or provinces administer concurrently with the municipalities or local governments, upon request, the non-metallic mining.

In the next stage, the exercise of metal mining administration would be decentralized to the states or provinces, that request it and have previous experience of concurrent administration with the central government, this decentralization would be exercised concurrently with the mining districts and the administration of non-metallic minerals would be decentralized to the municipalities or local governments that request it and have worked concurrently with the states in the administration of these resources.

In the final stage, the governments of states or provinces obtain the total decentralization of metal ore mining without concurrence.

Risk-takers must also understand that they contribute to the reduction of social impacts and to country progress in which they produce, when they incorporate, within the country’s territory, increasing levels of value-added to raw material or when they prefer the sale of their products, at normal market prices, within national territory border in which they carry out their productions so that mineral receives added value and is exported with greater commercial value. Of course, all this, assuming that the right conditions are being created in the host country which allows them to make greater investments and reinvestments in deepening the addition of value to products that have been produced.

It is well known that a good part of risk-takers, in truth, lack awareness and sensitivity about how dangerous the industry is, one part, do their best to evade responsibilities, while another party tries to comply with the law’s provisions or with international organizations guidelines or with what is in trend in terms of reducing socio-environmental impacts but do not really believe, or they are not interested in what they are doing in that regard, a small part is acting with conviction to achieve profit in the cleanest way possible while generating the greatest sum of attainable well-being.

The “advertising” campaigns that are carried out to position mining industry risk-takers as responsible with society and the environment, are very necessary and should even be greater, since attacking the mining industry has become “commonplace” for environmental fanatics, for fraudsters who seek profit with the attacks and for politicians who often have no other issues with which to make themselves heard in their areas, but, not everything can stay in propagandistic “makeup” or “green makeup”.

Lewis et al. (2016) reported that many mining companies have been working towards Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and that United Nations (UN) and national governments have been designing dialogues on how to advance the SDGs agenda with mining and other sectors. In the social dimension and the environmental dimension sections of this proposal, some examples of what these authors have referred to were given.

Holistically harmonious mining requires that risk-takers, of any scale, in the mining industry have, among their values:

• Sensitivity for the real and continuous improvement of the population’s life quality that lives in the environment of realization of mining industry projects. Motivated to promote and contribute to the socio-economic sustainability of communities around the projects.

Guajardo and Carrasco (2019), revealed that Nautilus Minerals company has begun to develop research to start a project to extract minerals from the sea bottom and is working hard to develop technologies that resist “high pressures under the sea, with materials resistant to accelerated corrosion caused by the salts that make up seawater, technologies that are not so invasive for existing ecosystems”. Schroeder (2019), among other examples, cited, in the case of greenhouse gas reduction in metallurgy, the following examples of technologies and processes that promote energy efficiency:

• Heat recovery technology (recovery/use of heat) in the various stages of production.

• Systems for real-time control of process variables, such as temperature.

• Use of process gases.

• New technologies that promote a significant reduction in energy consumption in electric furnaces and electrolytic processes, including the respective automation and control systems.

Cepeda (2020), presented trends in technological innovation in the mining sector, among which augmented reality stands out through the EcoStruxure Augmented Operator Advisor software developed by Schneider Electric, which would achieve the following advantages:

• Reduction of downtime in front of an electrical cabinet, allowing its doors to be opened virtually.

• Acceleration of operations and maintenance ...

• Reduction of human errors ...

www.mininghub.com.br (2021), is presented as an open innovation initiative aimed at all members of the mining sector, among its partners, there are dozens of companies.

R&D&i applied to the mining industry in all its different aspects should be encouraged, this type of research should be aimed at finding solutions, rather than a mere diagnosis and non-constructive criticism, that is, beyond determining that something is not it is fine as it is being done, you must go in search of the solution.

R&D&i is conceived in this model with 4 components, namely:

• Existing universities and research centers in the country, which should work in cooperation with universities and research centers in other countries;

• Risk-takers in the mining industry existing anywhere in the world;

Conclusions

In the social sphere, it is proposed that communities should have the rights to grant permits or refuse to give them concerning the production activities that it is intending to carry out in their area, but since the mining industry is of public utility, they can only be denied if they are supported by proven and globally accepted scientific criteria.

It is proposed that communities, directly, negotiate with the risk-takers about the necessary support so that communities can sustain economic activities during and after mining industry activities that it is intending to carry out in their territories. Emphasizing that, communities’ wishes and risk-takers support can only be in production activities and/or services that can be carried out as contemplated in territorial ordination planning of the sub-basin to which community belongs.

Risk-takers should prepare a Comprehensive Continuous Production Plan (2C2P) that must be conformed of the production project to be carried out, the mine closure plan (in the case of mining), the environmental studies required by country laws, and the plan of the economic activities that community members will carry out in parallel and/or after the project to be carried out, of course, the latter plan in common agreement with community representatives.

Risk-takers and communities will sign the Mining Community Contract (M2C) in which they will establish everything pertinent to the relationship and commitments that have occurred as a result of the negotiations, including what is related to the plan of economic activities mentioned in the previous paragraph.

Once the economic activities plan of the community is in the 2C2P, to the entire satisfaction of the community and the M2C has been signed, the community will issue a Community Mining Authorization (CMA) for risk-takers to carry out what was agreed, in their area and concerning their community.

It is recommended that governments incorporate, among requirements to be able to request mining rights, the consignment of CMA, M2C, and 2C2P.

Regarding the environment, the model proposes that society, risk-takers, and governments continue to support the implementation of “green mining” processes, circular economy, UN sustainable development goals, and everything else that arises and that allows the exercise of mining industry activities in a way every time, less harmful to society and the environment.

R & D & i is the key to progress in the efforts that risk-takers have been making to minimize negative impacts, and is essential to mining industry becomes every time, more “green”.

It should be noted that the mining industry’s success in reducing negative impacts can be more efficient if all those involved are sensitized and raise awareness about the paramount importance that continuous minimization of negative impacts really has.

Concerning governments, this model contemplates that:

• Governments have the role of “orchestra director”, not interpreters; the “state-entrepreneur” leads to accumulation of inefficiencies that end up paying, sooner or later, society and environment.

• A very significant function of governments is to collect and generate basic information for the mining industry, make public the existing information that has not been classified as strategic for the security and defense of the nation, and invest in deepening of regional geoscientific and environmental knowledge.

• Governments must invest in technical-scientific definition (without fanaticism), previous collecting field data, about environmental sensitivity within the national territory; they must also invest in ordination territorial with real participation of communities that live in each sub-basin.

• Promote but not substitute, under any excuse, the participation of communities in the definition of their own local destinies, of course, within the framework of nation’s laws and based, for their decisions, on humanity’s technical-scientific knowledge.

• Promote mining industry activities within projects that guarantee socio-economic-environmental sustainability over time and are environmentally and socially balanced.

To attract investment into the mining industry, governments should:

• Reduce tax rates for production and income. Taxes should be lower for projects that contemplate the greatest amount of value-added to raw material within the national territory. Raw materials exportation should have the highest tax rates in the country.

• Delete Import taxes for technologies and inputs that are not produced in the country, or that are more efficient, or that generate less impact on the environment.

• Offer fiscal stability (national, regional, and local), during the life of the project, based on conditions that were used to make the feasibility calculations.

• Have a successful performance in reducing inflation.

• Preferably, have an economy in economic growth.

• Offer constant performance, over time, in order to minimize national political and economic risks.

• Offer legal and real guarantees of capital repatriation.

• Have a successful performance in the control of public spending.

• Provide sufficient security guarantees that unjust-expropriations, nor confiscations, nor nationalizations will not be incurred if such despotisms have occurred in the country’s past.

• Free production assets reversion in the mining industry should not be contemplated in the legislation.

• Reform current legislation in order to ensure that the establishment and total authorization of companies to legally operate in the country be possible in short periods of time, from the formal start of the process, without incurring laxity with capital origin verification.

• Carry out everything conducive to an increase in exported products value.

• Coordinate with risk-takers and universities and institutes so that through “finishing school” type programs, professionals and technicians, existing in the nation, can reconvert into knowledge and skills, while universities and institutes do what is conducive to that their new graduates are already adapted to mining industry requirements.

• Establish all the necessary incentives, as well as funding for fifth-level studies, in order to increase national R&D&i and promote the production and marketing of products and services derived from R&D&i processes.

• Establish a mining industry governing agency that is light, efficient, with decentralized units in the regions, for mining industry management, with an operationally autonomous institute of applied research-oriented to all aspects of interest for all of the mining industry. These institutions must be satisfied with professionals who obtain their positions by contests.

• Prepare the set of legal provisions that govern the industry with the least discretion of public officials.

• Allow artisanal mining and small-scale mining only in areas that have already been intervened and in such a way that the exercise of their activities contributes to the partial recovery of the areas; It can also be allowed, in areas that have been explored by industrial mining (juniors or majors), and that due to their statistical dispersion characteristics are not of interest to them, whether they do it in conjunction with industrial companies or by themselves.

• Promote the evolution of artisanal and small-scale miners.

Regarding risk-takers, this proposed model includes:

The mining industry’s risk-takers are very important to world society, but they need to increase, in some cases, and create, in others, levels of sensitization and awareness about the damages they cause to society, the environment, and nations.

Although, naturally, risk-takers want to carry out the largest number of projects, they should focus only on projects that can be profitable, having considered all the costs of minimizing socio-environmental impacts, as well as those related to the commitments established with the communities.

Risk-takers should contribute to the real progress of nations, which is possible if they try to incorporate added value to their productions, within the territory of the host country, of course, if the country offers conditions and advantages; they should also support this progress by investing in R&D&i, within country’s territory and, finally, by supporting the national human capital increase.

The holistically harmonious mining industry requires that risk-takers, of any scale, in industry count, among their values, with:

• Sensitivity for the real and continuous improvement of the quality of life of employees.

• The conviction of offering equal opportunities to applicants to be employed without incurring any discrimination whatsoever other than being the best available to occupy the positions.

• Commitment to its continuous search for excellence.

• Commitment to optimizing financial benefits subject to socio-environmental awareness and sensitivity restrictions.

• Commitment not to establish relationships, of any kind, with terrorists, drug traffickers, human traffickers, human rights violators, or with those who are commercially or financially related to the above.

• Commitment not to acquire inputs from productions that finance wars or exterminations due to religious, cultural, political, racial, gender identity, or any other internationally recognized intolerances.

• Preference for suppliers of goods and services that make life in the country where the operations are carried out, if they have, at least, the same quality as suppliers based in other countries.

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